110 Ways Teachers Can Help Their Students Learn

110 Fun Ways Teachers Can Help Their Students Learn

Educators play a crucial role in promoting student engagement and learning through the implementation of various strategies and tools. The wide array of techniques discussed below can be combined and adapted to suit diverse learners and educational contexts, ensuring an inclusive and dynamic learning environment.

Active learning strategies, such as hands-on activities, group work, and peer tutoring, encourage students to take an active role in their learning process, fostering collaboration and communication skills. Incorporating digital tools and platforms, such as interactive whiteboards, online forums, and breakout rooms, further enhance students’ ability to engage with content and collaborate with peers.

Differentiated instruction and assessment techniques ensure that each student’s unique needs and abilities are catered to, promoting individualized learning and growth. By using resources such as Edmentum, teachers can tailor instruction and assessment methods to accommodate diverse learning styles and abilities.

Promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills is essential for preparing students for real-world challenges. Inquiry-based learning, debates, and discussions foster curiosity and deeper understanding of subject matter, while case studies and project-based learning enable students to apply their knowledge to real-world problems.

Supporting student well-being through social-emotional learning strategies and mindfulness techniques creates a positive learning environment that promotes personal growth and academic achievement. Encouraging self-reflection and self-assessment allows students to develop metacognitive skills and self-awareness, enhancing their ability to evaluate their own learning experiences.

Incorporating creative and experiential learning opportunities, such as art projects, role-playing, and virtual field trips, allows students to express their understanding in unique ways and explore new perspectives. Visual aids, graphic novels, and multimedia presentations help make complex concepts more engaging and accessible for learners.

The following is our list of different ways teachers can bring learning to life for their students, inside the class, outside, and in the virtual world:

  1. Utilize storytelling: Stories are a potent instrument for learning. They can assist in making lessons more engaging and memorable by fostering an emotional connection with the content. Incorporating storytelling in the classroom can also aid students in cultivating their creativity and imagination. Resources like The Moth offer storytelling resources and tools for educators.
  2. Leverage multimedia resources: Multimedia resources, including videos, podcasts, and interactive tools, can enrich learning experiences by offering students visual and auditory aids that complement their learning. For instance, a podcast can assist students in comprehending intricate concepts through storytelling or expert interviews. Interactive tools, such as Kahoot!, enable students to engage with content in an enjoyable and interactive manner and Tools like Prezi offer resources for teachers to create multimedia presentations for their students.
  3. Utilize games and simulations: Games and simulations can offer a fun and effective approach to teaching complex concepts. They enable students to interact with material in a playful manner, enhancing motivation and retention. For instance, a game like Minecraft can educate students about history, geography, and architecture. Simulations like PhET help students explore scientific concepts through interactive simulations. Kahoot! features various games and quizzes that teachers can use to make learning more engaging and interactive.
  4. Employ hands-on activities: Hands-on activities facilitate learning by doing, allowing students to engage with material tangibly, which can boost understanding and retention. For example, constructing a model as a hands-on activity can help students grasp intricate engineering concepts. STEM Learning offers numerous hands-on activities for educators to use in the classroom.
  5. Promote collaboration: Collaboration can help students develop essential social and communication skills while fostering deeper learning. Working together on projects and assignments enables students to learn from one another and cultivate a sense of community in the classroom. Tools like Google Docs can streamline collaboration.
  6. Incorporate visual aids: Visual aids, such as charts, diagrams, and infographics, can make information more accessible to students. They assist students in understanding complex concepts and discerning relationships between different ideas.
  7. Encourage questioning and exploration: Fostering a questioning and exploratory mindset promotes curiosity and deeper learning. It also helps students develop critical thinking skills by challenging them to think profoundly about a topic.
  8. Provide feedback: Offering timely and constructive feedback on assignments and projects helps students understand their strengths and weaknesses, enabling them to improve their work. Tools like Turnitin facilitate online feedback for teachers.
  9. Incorporate technology: Integrating technology into lessons engages students with material in innovative and exciting ways. For instance, using virtual reality allows students to explore different environments and perspectives.
  10. Use humor: Incorporating humor in the classroom makes lessons more enjoyable and memorable. It also helps create a positive classroom culture and foster relationships between students and teachers.
  11. Provide opportunities for reflection: Encouraging students to reflect on their learning and progress promotes metacognition and deeper learning. Tools like Seesaw make it easy for students to reflect on their work and share their thoughts with their teachers.
  12. Use case studies: Case studies help students understand how concepts apply to real-world situations. They also develop problem-solving skills by challenging students to apply their knowledge to complex situations. For example, the Harvard Business School offers various case studies for classroom use.
  13. Incorporate cultural and social contexts: Integrating cultural and social contexts into lessons makes material more relevant and engaging for students. It also helps students develop empathy and understanding of different perspectives. Tools like Teaching Tolerance provide resources for teachers to incorporate cultural and social contexts into their lessons.
  14. Use peer mentoring: Peer mentoring promotes collaboration and communication skills while also providing students with opportunities to learn from each other. Tools like Peergrade make it easy for teachers to implement peer mentoring in their classrooms.
  15. Use music and art: Incorporating music and art helps students remember information and makes material more engaging. It also promotes creativity and self-expression. Tools like Artsonia provide resources for teachers to integrate art into their lessons.
  16. Use role-playing activities: Role-playing activities simulate real-world situations and help students develop problem-solving and communication skills.
  17. Use problem-based learning: Problem-based learning enables students to apply their knowledge to real-world problems and develop problem-solving skills. Tools like PBLWorks offer resources and support for teachers looking to implement problem-based learning in their classrooms.
  18. Use experiential learning: Experiential learning helps students learn through hands-on experiences, promoting a deeper understanding and retention of material. Tools like Expeditionary Learning provide resources for teachers looking to incorporate experiential learning into their lessons.
  19. Use active listening and questioning techniques: Active listening and questioning techniques promote student engagement and critical thinking. For example, the Socratic method is a questioning technique that helps students develop critical thinking skills by challenging them to think deeply about a topic.
  20. Use open-ended questions: Open-ended questions promote critical thinking and problem-solving by challenging students to think deeply and creatively about a topic.
  21. Provide opportunities for repetition and review: Offering opportunities for repetition and review helps students practice and reinforce their skills and knowledge. Tools like Quizlet provide resources for teachers to create quizzes and flashcards for students to practice with.
  22. Use different teaching styles: Employing various teaching styles reaches different learning styles and accommodates diverse learning needs.
  23. Provide opportunities for self-directed learning: Offering opportunities for self-directed learning helps students develop their autonomy and sense of responsibility for their learning. Tools like Edmentum provide resources for teachers to incorporate self-directed learning into their classrooms.
  24. Use formative assessment: Formative assessment provides ongoing feedback to students and helps teachers adjust their teaching strategies to better support student learning. Tools like Formative offer resources for teachers to implement formative assessments in their classrooms.
  25. Use differentiated instruction: Differentiated instruction accommodates diverse learning needs and abilities by tailoring instruction to individual students. Tools like Edmentum offer resources for teachers to implement differentiated instruction in their classrooms.
  26. Use real-world examples and analogies: Employing real-world examples and analogies helps students understand abstract concepts by connecting them to real-world experiences.
  27. Use metaphors and analogies: Using metaphors and analogies makes complex concepts more accessible by comparing them to more familiar ideas.
  28. Use flipped classroom models: Flipped classroom models give students access to content outside of class time, allowing for more hands-on, interactive learning experiences during class. Tools like Flipgrid offer resources for teachers to implement flipped classroom models in their classrooms.
  29. Use peer-to-peer learning: Peer-to-peer learning promotes collaboration and communication skills while providing students with opportunities to learn from each other.
  30. Use gamification: Gamification makes lessons more engaging and fun by incorporating game-like elements into learning experiences. Tools like Classcraft offer resources for teachers to implement gamification in their classrooms.
  31. Use case studies: Case studies help students analyze and solve complex problems by providing real-world examples of how concepts apply in practice.
  32. Use project-based learning: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving by challenging students to work collaboratively on real-world projects. Tools like Buck Institute for Education offer resources for teachers to implement project-based learning in their classrooms.
  33. Use interactive activities: Interactive activities encourage student engagement and participation by providing hands-on, interactive learning experiences.
  34. Use visual organizers: Visual organizers, such as graphic organizers, mind maps, and concept maps, help students organize information and see relationships between different ideas. Tools like MindMeister offer resources for teachers to create visual organizers for their students.
  35. Use debates and discussions: Debates and discussions encourage critical thinking and argumentation skills by challenging students to defend their ideas and opinions.
  36. Use peer review: Peer review encourages constructive feedback and improves writing skills by
  37. allowing students to review and critique each other’s work. Tools like Peergrade make it easy for teachers to implement peer review in their classrooms.
  38. Use technology integration: Integrating technology into lessons helps students engage with material in new and exciting ways. For example, using virtual reality can help students explore different environments and perspectives. Tools like Padlet make it easy for teachers to incorporate technology into their lessons.
  39. Use collaborative learning: Collaborative learning promotes teamwork, communication, and problem-solving skills by having students work together on projects and assignments. Tools like Google Workspace for Education facilitate collaboration and make it easier and more efficient.
  40. Use inquiry-based learning: Inquiry-based learning encourages students to ask questions, explore topics, and develop their understanding through investigation and research. Resources like The Inquiry Project can help teachers incorporate inquiry-based learning into their lessons.
  41. Use blended learning: Blended learning combines traditional face-to-face instruction with online learning experiences, allowing students to benefit from both approaches. Tools like Canvas can provide resources for teachers looking to implement blended learning in their classrooms and Resources like The Blended Learning Toolkit provide guidance and resources for implementing blended learning in the classroom.
  42. Use experiential learning: Experiential learning engages students through hands-on experiences, promoting deeper understanding and retention of material. Tools like Expeditionary Learning provide resources for teachers looking to incorporate experiential learning into their lessons.
  43. Use reflection and self-assessment: Reflection and self-assessment can promote metacognition by encouraging students to think critically about their learning experiences and assess their own strengths and weaknesses. Tools like Seesaw make it easy for students to reflect on their work and share their thoughts with their teachers.
  44. Use online forums and discussion boards: Online forums and discussion boards can encourage online participation and collaboration by providing students with a platform to share ideas and discuss topics. Platforms like Edmodo can be used to facilitate classroom discussions and collaboration.
  45. Use active learning strategies: Active learning strategies can promote student engagement and participation by providing hands-on, interactive learning experiences. Resources like STEM Learning offer a variety of hands-on activities for teachers to use in the classroom.
  46. Use questioning strategies: Questioning strategies can encourage critical thinking and problem-solving by challenging students to think deeply about a topic. The Socratic method is a questioning technique that can help students develop critical thinking skills.
  47. Use hands-on learning experiences: Hands-on learning experiences can promote experiential learning by allowing students to learn through doing. STEM Learning provides a variety of hands-on activities for teachers to use in the classroom.
  48. Use scaffolding: Scaffolding can provide gradual support to students as they build their knowledge and skills, allowing them to tackle increasingly complex tasks over time. Resources like Iris Center can help teachers understand and implement scaffolding techniques.
  49. Use demonstrations: Demonstrations can help students understand concepts and procedures by providing visual and interactive learning experiences. Websites like PhET Interactive Simulations offer a variety of interactive demonstrations for teachers to use in the classroom.
  50. Use mindsets and growth mindset to help students learn to believe in themselves and set higher goals for themselves. Growth Mindset can be practiced using online resources such as the Big Life Journal and Classroom Champions.
  51. Use inquiry-based learning where students are provided with open-ended questions, allowing them to explore the subject matter in a more self-directed way. Resources like The Inquiry Project can help teachers incorporate inquiry-based learning into their lessons.
  52. Use personalized learning where students work at their own pace and level. Tools like Edmentum provide resources for teachers looking to incorporate personalized learning into their classrooms.
  53. Use differentiated assessment to ensure that every student is assessed based on their individual abilities and learning style. Resources like Edutopia offer guidance on implementing differentiated assessment in the classroom.
  54. Use peer-assisted learning where students work in pairs or small groups to learn from each other. Tools like Peergrade make it easy for teachers to implement peer-assisted learning in their classrooms.
  55. Use the 5E instructional model, which stands for Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate. This model helps teachers plan lessons that engage students and promote deeper understanding. Resources like the 5E Model Lesson Planning Template from the National Science Teaching Association can help teachers implement the 5E instructional model in their lessons.
  56. Use assessment for learning, which involves providing feedback and support to students to help them improve their learning and achieve their goals. Tools like Formative provide resources for teachers to implement assessment for learning in their classrooms.
  57. Use praise and positive reinforcement: Praise and positive reinforcement can encourage student motivation and engagement by recognizing their efforts and accomplishments. Resources like The Power of Praise from Edutopia provide guidance on using praise effectively in the classroom.
  58. Use role-playing activities: Role-playing activities can help simulate real-world situations and help students develop problem-solving and communication skills. Websites like Teach-nology offer resources for incorporating role-playing activities in the classroom.
  59. Use project-based learning: Project-based learning can encourage critical thinking and problem-solving by challenging students to work collaboratively on real-world projects. Resources like PBLWorks provide support for teachers looking to implement project-based learning in their classrooms.
  60. Use visual organizers: Visual organizers such as graphic organizers, mind maps, and concept maps can help students organize information and see relationships between different ideas. Tools like MindMeister provide resources for teachers to create visual organizers for their students.
  61. Use debates and discussions: Debates and discussions can encourage critical thinking and argumentation skills by challenging students to defend their ideas and opinions. Resources like ProCon.org offer debate topics and resources for educators.
  62. Use peer review: Peer review can encourage constructive feedback and improve writing skills by allowing students to review and critique each other’s work. Tools like Turnitin make it easy for teachers to facilitate peer review in their classrooms.
  63. Use reflection and self-assessment: Reflection and self-assessment can promote metacognition by encouraging students to think critically about their learning experiences and assess their own strengths and weaknesses. Tools like Seesaw make it easy for students to reflect on their work and share their thoughts with their teachers.
  64. Use visual aids: Visual aids such as pictures and diagrams can help students visualize concepts and understand relationships between different ideas. Resources like Canva make it easy for teachers to create their own visual aids for use in the classroom.
  65. Use online forums and discussion boards: Online forums and discussion boards can encourage online participation and collaboration by providing students with a platform to share ideas and discuss topics. Websites like Edmodo offer online platforms for teachers to create discussion boards and forums for their students.
  66. Use active learning strategies: Active learning strategies can promote student engagement and participation by providing hands-on, interactive learning experiences. Resources like Active Learning Techniques from Vanderbilt University provide guidance on incorporating active learning strategies into the classroom.
  67. Use questioning strategies: Questioning strategies can encourage critical thinking and problem-solving by challenging students to think deeply about a topic. Resources like Socratic Questioning from the Foundation for Critical Thinking provide guidance on using effective questioning techniques.
  68. Use hands-on learning experiences: Hands-on learning experiences can promote experiential learning by allowing students to learn through doing. Websites like STEM Learning offer a variety of hands-on activities for teachers to use in the classroom.
  69. Use demonstrations: Demonstrations can help students understand concepts and procedures by providing visual and interactive learning experiences. Websites like PhET Interactive Simulations offer a variety of interactive simulations for teachers to use in the classroom.
  70. Use inquiry-based learning where students are provided with open-ended questions, allowing them to explore the subject matter in a more self-directed way. Resources like Inquiry-Based Learning from Edutopia provide guidance on implementing inquiry-based learning in the classroom.
  71. Use personalized learning where students work at their own pace and level. Tools like Edmentum provide resources for teachers looking to incorporate personalized learning into their classrooms.
  72. Use differentiated assessment to ensure that every student is assessed based on their individual abilities and learning style. Resources like Differentiated Assessment Strategies from TeachHUB provide guidance on implementing differentiated assessment in the classroom.
  73. Use peer-assisted learning where students work in pairs or small groups to learn from each other. Websites like Peergrade make it easy for teachers to implement peer-assisted learning in their classrooms.
  74. Use group work and peer tutoring: Group work and peer tutoring can help students learn from one another and develop important collaboration and communication skills. Websites like Collaborative Learning Techniques from Vanderbilt University provide guidance on effective group work and peer tutoring strategies.
  75. Use hands-on activities and experiments: Hands-on activities and experiments can help students develop scientific thinking and reasoning skills by providing opportunities for exploration and discovery. Resources like Science Buddies offer a variety of hands-on activities and experiments for teachers to use in the classroom.
  76. Use interactive quizzes and games: Interactive quizzes and games can assess student learning and reinforce concepts in a fun and engaging way. Tools like Kahoot! and Quizlet can provide resources for teachers looking to implement interactive quizzes and games in their classrooms.
  77. Use feedback and assessment rubrics: Feedback and assessment rubrics can provide students with clear expectations and guidelines for success, helping them improve their work and achieve their goals. Websites like Rubistar offer customizable rubrics for teachers to use in their classrooms.
  78. Use debates and discussions: Debates and discussions can help students develop communication and argumentation skills by challenging them to defend their ideas and opinions. Resources like Teaching Channel provide guidance on implementing debates and discussions in the classroom.
  79. Use flipped classroom models: Flipped classroom models can encourage self-directed learning and engagement by providing students with access to content outside of class time. Tools like Edpuzzle can provide resources for teachers looking to implement flipped classroom models in their classrooms.
  80. Use student-centered activities and projects: Student-centered activities and projects can promote student agency and ownership over their learning, allowing them to pursue their interests and passions. Websites like Project Based Learning offer resources and guidance on implementing student-centered activities and projects in the classroom.
  81. Use inquiry-based learning: Inquiry-based learning can encourage curiosity and critical thinking by allowing students to explore topics and questions that interest them. Resources like Inquiry-Based Learning from Edutopia provide guidance on implementing inquiry-based learning in the classroom.
  82. Use differentiated instruction: Differentiated instruction can accommodate diverse learning styles and abilities by tailoring instruction to individual students. Websites like Differentiation Central offer resources and guidance on implementing differentiated instruction in the classroom.
  83. Use social media and digital tools: Social media and digital tools can promote collaborative learning and peer feedback by providing students with a platform to share ideas and collaborate on projects. Tools like Google Classroom and Edmodo can provide resources for teachers looking to implement social media and digital tools in their classrooms.
  84. Use reflective writing and journaling: Reflective writing and journaling can help students develop metacognitive skills and self-awareness by encouraging them to reflect on their learning and experiences. Resources like Reflective Writing from UNSW Sydney provide guidance on implementing reflective writing and journaling in the classroom.
  85. Use authentic assessments: Authentic assessments can provide students with real-world, practical opportunities to demonstrate their learning and skills. Websites like Authentic Assessment Toolbox offer resources and guidance on implementing authentic assessments in the classroom.
  86. Use project-based assessments: Project-based assessments can provide students with opportunities to apply their learning to real-world problems and challenges. Resources like Project-Based Assessment from Edutopia provide guidance on implementing project-based assessments in the classroom.
  87. Use online discussion forums and platforms: Online discussion forums and platforms can provide students with a space to engage in asynchronous discussions and collaborate on projects outside of class time. Websites like Piazza offer online platforms for teachers to create discussion boards and forums for their students.
  88. Use project-based learning: Project-based learning can encourage students to apply their learning to real-world problems and challenges, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Websites like Project-Based Learning offer resources and guidance on implementing project-based learning in the classroom.
  89. Use educational games and simulations: Educational games and simulations can increase engagement and motivation by providing interactive and fun learning experiences. Tools like Minecraft and SimCity can provide resources for teachers looking to implement educational games and simulations in their classrooms.
  90. Use art and creative projects: Art and creative projects can help students express their learning and understanding in a unique and personal way, promoting creativity and self-expression. Websites like Artful Thinking offer resources and guidance on incorporating art and creative projects in the classroom.
  91. Use experiential learning and field trips: Experiential learning and field trips can provide students with hands-on learning experiences, allowing them to explore and discover the world around them. Resources like Field Trip Factory can help teachers plan and organize educational field trips.
  92. Use role-playing and drama: Role-playing and drama can help students develop empathy and understanding of different perspectives and experiences, promoting social and emotional learning. Websites like Drama-Based Instruction offer resources and guidance on incorporating role-playing and drama in the classroom.
  93. Use visual organizers and note-taking strategies: Visual organizers and note-taking strategies can help students organize and remember information, promoting effective study habits and critical thinking skills. Tools like OneNote and Evernote can provide resources for teachers looking to implement visual organizers and note-taking strategies in their classrooms.
  94. Use mind mapping and brainstorming techniques: Mind mapping and brainstorming techniques can promote creative thinking and problem-solving, allowing students to generate and explore new ideas. Tools like MindMeister and Coggle can provide resources for teachers looking to implement mind mapping and brainstorming techniques in their classrooms.
  95. Use student-led discussions and debates: Student-led discussions and debates can promote student voice and agency, allowing them to engage in meaningful dialogue and express their opinions and ideas. Resources like Teaching Channel provide guidance on implementing student-led discussions and debates in the classroom.
  96. Use student-created content: Student-created content, such as videos and podcasts, can promote collaboration and creativity, allowing students to express their learning in a unique and engaging way. Tools like WeVideo and Anchor can provide resources for teachers looking to implement student-created content in their classrooms.
  97. Use simulations and virtual reality experiences: Simulations and virtual reality experiences can provide students with immersive and interactive learning experiences, allowing them to explore and discover the world around them. Tools like Google Expeditions and Nearpod VR can provide resources for teachers looking to implement simulations and virtual reality experiences in their classrooms.
  98. Use interactive whiteboards and digital tools: Interactive whiteboards and digital tools can facilitate group work and collaboration, allowing students to work together in a dynamic and engaging way. Tools like Google Jamboard and Padlet can provide resources for teachers looking to implement interactive whiteboards and digital tools in their classrooms.
  99. Use peer editing and feedback: Peer editing and feedback can promote student writing and communication skills, allowing students to practice constructive criticism and receive valuable feedback from their peers. Resources like ReadWriteThink offer guidance on implementing peer editing and feedback in the classroom.
  100. Use graphic novels and other visual media: Graphic novels and other visual media can make complex concepts more engaging and accessible, promoting literacy and critical thinking skills. Websites like Teaching with Graphic Novels offer resources and guidance on incorporating graphic novels and visual media in the classroom.
  101. Use inquiry-based projects and research: Inquiry-based projects and research can promote student curiosity and exploration, allowing them to investigate and discover the world around them. Resources like Inquiry-Based Learning from Edutopia provide guidance on implementing inquiry-based projects and research in the classroom.
  102. Use gamified quizzes and assessments: Gamified quizzes and assessments can increase student engagement and motivation, making learning fun and interactive. Tools like Quizizz and Gimkit can provide resources for teachers looking to implement gamified quizzes and assessments in their classrooms.
  103. Use breakout rooms during online classes: Breakout rooms during online classes can encourage small group discussions and collaboration, allowing students to work together in a dynamic and engaging way. Most video conferencing platforms, such as Zoom and Microsoft Teams, provide breakout room functionality for teachers to utilize during online classes.
  104. Use hands-on experiments and demonstrations: Hands-on experiments and demonstrations can promote scientific inquiry and discovery, allowing students to explore and discover the world around them. Resources like Science Buddies offer a variety of hands-on experiments and demonstrations for teachers to use in the classroom.
  105. Use mindfulness and relaxation techniques: Mindfulness and relaxation techniques can promote student well-being and reduce stress, creating a positive and supportive learning environment. Websites like Mindful Schools offer resources and guidance on implementing mindfulness and relaxation techniques in the classroom.
  106. Use social-emotional learning strategies: Social-emotional learning strategies can promote student well-being and social awareness, creating a positive and supportive learning environment. Resources like CASEL provide guidance on implementing social-emotional learning strategies in the classroom.
  107. Use virtual field trips and online resources: Virtual field trips and online resources can provide students with access to diverse cultures and perspectives, promoting empathy and understanding of different backgrounds and experiences. Tools like Google Expeditions and Nearpod VR can provide resources for teachers looking to implement virtual field trips and online resources in their classrooms.
  108. Use active listening and questioning techniques: Active listening and questioning techniques can promote critical thinking and problem-solving, allowing students to engage in meaningful dialogue and express their
  109. opinions and ideas. Resources like Active Listening Strategies from Edutopia provide guidance on implementing active listening and questioning techniques in the classroom.
  110. Use student portfolios: Student portfolios can showcase student learning and progress over time, providing a valuable resource for assessment and evaluation. Digital tools like Seesaw and Google Sites can help teachers create and manage student portfolios in their classrooms.

Summary

By implementing these strategies and leveraging digital tools and resources, educators can create a comprehensive and engaging learning experience that supports students’ academic growth and personal development.

As a result, students will be better prepared to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world, equipped with the critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills necessary for success.